When viewed in this light, the psychological effects of racism are actually fairly similar to those of other abusive, oppressive, or otherwise threatening attitudes, actions, and situations. The disposition toward negative affect encouraged by the perception of racism is in many ways the same kind of damaging psychological reinforcement experienced by individuals in an abusive household or people suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder, because in all of these cases many

Psychological and Socio-Cultural Theories of Risk Definition of Risk The term "risk" is often defined differently depending on the particular paradigm. For example, risk is economics is typically defined in terms of differences in possible monetary outcomes and individuals/corporations involved in risk -- seeking behavior are typically seeking higher monetary payoffs (Markowitz 1952). When clinical psychologists, sociologists, law enforcement officials, and lay individuals identify "risky behaviors" they are referring to a broader

Physical and mental disorders are often comorbid, reflecting an entire system that is out of balance. A healthy state, both physically and mentally reflects a state of equilibrium and stability that every organism wishes to achieve (Wallace, 2008).When one portion of the system is out of balance, the entire system can be out of balance. The degree to which the system is out of balance determines the degree of

Thus instrumental condition would rely on the notion that a person generates a response rather than an environmental stimulus. I have found that both people and stimulus may elicit certain behaviors both in and outside of the classroom. Instrumental conditioning is modeled after animal experiments which showed that the individual's environment can reinforce response controls, thus the best responses occur when reinforcement of a particular behavior is given. This I

Psychological Health Unlike physical health, psychological health cannot be measured by a machine or screened for via a blood test. However, psychological health is absolutely critical to the well-being of patients and cannot be disregarded by a responsible health practitioner. Mental health is composed of emotional health (compassion for others and an understanding that the self is not the center of the universe and a balanced perspective on the world); mental

Students Will Select a Construct of Interest My construct of interest is whether there are any prejudice tests that can accurately measure prejudice to races other than Blacks. Do the currently available standardized tests on prejudice measure prejudice to individuals other than Black people? Conduct research on other assessments used to measure the same or similar construct, The Modern Racism Scale According to the SAGE Handbook of prejudice, Stereotyping and Discrimination (Dovidio, 2010), the scale